Membrane visible wrinkles and bolamata faded when the eyeball moves. Reduced eye function hemeralopia or nictalpia, which the layman is called blind twilight or night blindness, unable to see the light remangremang.

At an advanced stage mengoreng eyes, because selselnya the so-called soft and can keratomalasia cause blindness.

The function of vitamin A actually includes 3 functions, namely: the function
in the process of seeing, in the process of metabolism, and the process reproduction. Disorders resulting from deficiencies vitamin A prominent, especially in Indonesia is disruption in the process of seeing this zerophthalmia called.

Therefore, prevention of deficiency of vitamin deficiency A key here is aimed at the prevention of blindness in children under five. Zerophthalmia reduction programs aimed at children under five with vitamin A is free of charge through the health center and / or integrated health. Besides
that prevention programs can be done through counseling nutrition of the food-nutritious foods, particular foods as a source of vitamins.

Iron (Fe) is more easily absorbed by the small intestine in the form of Ferro.
This absorption has set autoregulation mechanism by ferritin levels found in the mucosal cells of the intestine.

Fe in good condition, only about 10% just from the fe contained in food is absorbed into the intestinal mucosa. Fe excretion is through the skin, in the parts body very small amounts. While the women more Fe excretion through menstrual blood. By Hence, the need Fe in adult women, more
compared with the men. In pregnant women need Fe increase as the baby also requires Fe. Fe deficiency anemia iron in large amounts Indonesia
that has become a public health problem.

Iron anemia prevention programs, especially for mothers pregnancy was done through the provision Fe freely through the health center or integrated health

As a result of this obesity disease, sufferers tend suffering from diseases: cardiovascular, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Ideal body weight in adults according to

Dubois formula is:  B (kg) = (T -100 cm) + 10%

Description:
B = ideal body weight
T = Height

By the nutrition, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine,
made corrections as follows:

B (kg) = ((TCM – 100) – 10%) + 10%

Example: The Ali (adult) height was measured 160 meters, then
Ali ideal weight is between 54 kilograms to 66
kilograms (54 pounds lowest, highest 66 kg). If adults who are 160 cm tall, with weight in under 54 kg, so he is less nutrition, and if more than 66 kg, he
including obesity (overweight).

The cause of obesity
Please note clearly that obesity is caused food too much. Why would someone eat too many? Descent problem may be one
cause. Therefore the newborns of the two people that obesity has a 90 percent chance for obesity as well. Their digestive organs are often more
efficient than ordinary people, so just a little food is sufficient to meet the needs of his body, because excess nutrients causing the accumulation of fat.

Losses obesity
Let’s look at things that hurt you if you are overweight.
Summary is as follows:
1. Psychological burden
2. Adding blood pressure
3. Adding hypercholesterolemia
4. Increase the likelihood of diabetes
5. Adding the risk of cancer
6. Adding the risk of death
7. Adding the risk of coronary artery disease.

In such conditions the body free from disease and has an endurance setingi-high. If consumption on a person’s diet is not balanced with the need
body, there will be errors due to nutrition (malnutrition).

Malnutrition includes excess nutrients is called nutrient more (overnutrition), and malnutrition or lack of nutrition (undernutrition).

Some of the causes of malnutrition
In 1988, UNICEF, one of the United Nations agencies organizations
specializing in the field of child welfare has develop a conceptual framework to improve nutrition. Deep framework is shown that the lack of nutrition can
caused by:

1.  Direct Cause: Food and the disease can bedirect causes less nutrition. The emergence of less nutrition not only due to the lack of food intake, but also disease. Children who get enough to eat but often suffer from pain, can eventually suffer lack of nutrition. Similarly, in children who do not get enough to eat, the body resistance will weakened and susceptible to disease.

2.  Indirect Causes: There are 3 causes not directly which causes less nutrition, namely:
1)  Food security is inadequate families.
Each family is expected to be able to meet the food needs of all family members in pretty good amount and quality of nutrients.
2) pattern of inadequate parenting.
Each family and society is expected to provide time, attention, and support for children growing up to be well physically, mental and social.
3) environmental health services and inadequate.
Healthcare system that is expected to be ensure the provision of clean water and service facilities basic health care affordable for every family
need.
These three factors are related to the level of education, knowledge and skills of the family. Higher level education, knowledge and skills, the better the level of family food security, better parenting it will be more and more families are using health services.

The disease is less calories and protein
This disease occurs due to an imbalance between consumption calories or carbohydrates and protein to energy needs, causing a deficiency or a deficit of energyand proteins. This disease generally occurs in children
toddlers, because at the age of the children experienced growth. If food consumption is not balanced with the needs of calories, there will be a deficiency the (lack of calories and protein). The disease is divided into
levels, namely:
1.  CTF light, if the child’s weight at between 84% –
95% of body weight according to the Harvard standards.
2. CTF is, if the child’s weight reached only 84% –
60% of body weight according to the Harvard standards.
3. KKP weight (malnutrition), if the child’s weight is less than
60% of body weight according to the Harvard standards. Some experts distinguish only two types of CTF only, namely: light or nutrients CTF andCTF less weight (nutrition bad) or more often called marasmus (kwashiorkor). Child or people with marasmus looks very thin, weight less than 60% of ideal body weight according to age, face wrinkled like an old man, indifferent to the surroundings, hair head smooth, rarely, and the color red. CTF disease
in adults providing clinical signs as following: tissue swelling (edema) or edema honger (HO) or also called underfed disease, starvation or
malnutrition. Edema in patients typically seen in foot area.

1.  Used to eat a wide variety of foods.

2.  Always monitor the health and growth of members  family (weighing), particularly infants and  pregnant women.

3.  Regular use of iodized salt

4.  Providing support to mothers giving birth in order to give just in infants breast milk until 4 months of age.

5. Usual breakfast.  Family kadarzi say, if you can implement all
behavior. If one has not implemented behavior, then the family has not kadarzi.

The things that need to be addressed so that ordinary families eat
wide range of foods are:

1.  Understanding the diversity of foods: Eat 2-3 times a day
which consists of 4 kinds of food groups. From each group and type of food consumed, the the more the better type. The 4 groups of materials
these foods are:
a.  Staple food, as a source of energy substances: rice, corn,
yams, cassava, noodles, and others.
b. Side dishes, as a source of building materials: fish, eggs,
chicken, meat, tempeh, beans, tofu, etc..
c. Vegetables and fruits, as a source of regulatory substances:
spinach, kale, carrots, green beans, long beans, mustard greens,
cassava leaves, leaf katuk, papaya, bananas, oranges,
watermelon, pineapple and others.

2. Benefits of eating a variety of foods, namely: To complementary nutrients needed by the body in order to doing the job every day and avoid disease malnutrition.

3. As a result of not eating a variety of foods, namely: the body will
suffer from lack of certain nutrients and more easily
disease, especially in infants will cause
growth and disturbed intelligence.

4. Actions that need to be done if the family had not eaten variety of foods, namely:
a. Explain the importance of eating a variety of foods
on health, growth and intelligence.
b. Utilizing the yard around the house with growing crops, raising chickens, ducks, fish and other to be eaten by family members and the grounds
also be sold to supplement family income.
c.  Seek assistance from the agricultural sector, for pursue the use of agricultural land are mutual together for families who do not have a yard.
d.  Instruct the mother to cook with a variety of menu
favored by members of the family. Enjoy a variety of
food is available.

Below will be described 4 different ways of measurement often
used in the field of community nutrition and their classification:

1.  Weight per age
Based on the classification of Harvard University, the state of nutrition
children are classified into 4 levels, namely:
Good nutrition when weight infants / children under age
more than 80% Harvard standard
Nutrition less weight if the infant / child according to age
was between 60% -80% of Harvard standard
Malnutrition weight when infants and children according to age
60% or less of the standard Harvard

2.  Height per age
Measurement of nutritional status of infants and young children based on the high weight according to age, also uses a standard modification
Harvard, its classification is as follows:
- good nutrition if the length / height infant / child according
age more than 80% Harvard standard.
- Nutrition less if the length / height infant / child according
age was between 70.1% – 80% of the standard
Harvard. . 196
- Malnutrition if length / height infant / child according
age 70% or less of the Harvard standard.

3.  Body weight by height
Measurement by weight is obtained height by combining weight and height per – age by Harvard standards. Classification of measurement results
weight according to height is as follows:
- Good nutrition when weight babies / children under panjangtingginya
more than 90% of Harvard standard.
- Nutrition less severe if the infant / child according panjangtingginya
was between 70.1% – 90% of the standard
Hravard.
- Malnutrition if weight infants / children under panjangtingginya
70% or less of the Harvard standard.
4. Circumference upper arm (LLA) according to age
Classification of nutritional status measurements infants and children based
upper arm circumference measurements using the classification
as follows:
- Good nutrition, if the LLA infant / child according to age more than
85% standard Wolanski.
- Nutrition less, if the LLA infant / child according to age are
between 70.1% – 85% standard Wolanski.
- Malnutrition , if LLA infants / children under age 70%
or less than standard Wolanski.

5.  Body Mass Index
To find out if our weight is ideal.
Overweight or too thin; we can use
calculation of body mass index (Body Mass Index / BMI) .
Health experts advise people who are excessive weight, but do not have health risk factors dangerous (such as high cholesterol or high daraj pressure) for start doing physical activity, such as more sports banyakl to
prevent weight gain.

People with a surplus weight and with risk factors, such as cholesterol and
high blood pressure, need to actively lose weight, with mengontol diet and exercise. There are good programs the first consultation with a physician or the experts health.

Conversely, the wrong diet can be the main impetus of the terrible disease above. In simple, it is best with a balanced diet, four healthy five perfect.
When we do not eat nutritious food or drink, we can experience bone loss (vitamin deficiency), bleeding gums (lack of vitamin C) or even a disruption
transporting oxygen in the blood to every cell (iron deficiency).

So when we talk about nutrition or nutrition, we talked about why we eat what we eat, and
how foods affect the body and health us. Healthy foods that when eaten regularly will prevents / delay as long as possible the various diseases
degenerative processes due to aging bodies.

The function of each vitamin is as follows:
•  Vitamin A works for the growth of epithelial cells, and
as a regulator of light sensitivity in nerve stimulation and eyes.

•  Vitamn B1 serves to metabolize carbohydrates, water balance in the body, and the absorption of fat by the intestine.

•  Vitamin B2 function in stimulating the transfer of light to optic nerve, and enzyme function in the oxidation process cells.

•  Vitamin B6 function in the production of blood cells, and in growth and employment pross nerve.

•  Vitamin C, function as activators various enzymes innovators proteins and fats, the oxidation and dehydration in the cell, important in the formation of platelets.

•  Vitamin D controls the levels of lime and posfor in together child mumps gland (parathyroid), increase calcium absorption from the intestine and posfor, and affect the endocrine glands.

•  Vitamin E, works to prevent bleeding for women pregnant and prevent miscarriage and needed at the time cells were split.

•  Vitamin K, protrombin function in the formation, which
is important in the process of blood clotting.

Mineral
Minerals such as iron, potassium, calcium, magnesi-um, sodium.
Minerals, consisting of calcium (Ca), posfor (P), iron (Fe), substance fluorine (F), sodium (Na), and Chlor (Cl), potassium (K), and iodine (I).

In general, minerals function as part of a substance active in the metabolism or as an important part of the structure cells and tissues as an enzyme cofactor.

Crude Fiber
Crude fiber (English = crude fiber) were derived from cellulose and lignin of plant cells tedapat. Eating foods contains quite a lot of vegetables because vegetables contain crude fiber. In English food like that is called
roughages, consisting of vegetable fiber, fiber, leather fruits, corn, and others. Vegetable and fruit holding an important role in the human body. Vegetable is source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Also contains substances that not nutrition but are needed for the health of the human body.

Therefore, consuming vegetables and fruit is very important. The habit of eating fruits and vegetables need to be socialized since childhood. With diligent consume vegetables and fruit, discard large water (BAB) to be smooth. Fiber contained in the they can push the stool to exit. Therefore, children or adults who consume less fruit and vegetables
usually will have difficulty in defecation. If foods that contain lots of fiber consumed, the remainder food is relatively capable of absorbing water so that the dirt expands, its volume increases and reflexes CHAPTER happened
every day. This is a healthy pattern because dirt can immediately removed from the body. Transit time of feces became more short because sewage progress every day.

But if the consumption of fiber as a result of poor food remains food piled on so much longer rectum. To throw it away take up the volume enough
to stimulate defecation. Finally there was constipation and hard bowel due to stop even the hardened feces. If can be issued usually shaped like goat droppings. Large intestine will also work harder. No rare bowel must be accompanied by mules-mules first to encourage the dirt pile. If occur for days unable to defecate, may be imagined how the consequences.

Water
Water can be separated into water obtained directly from drinking water or water that comes from food and the produced by cells in the cellular combustion process.

2. Fat
Fats can be divided into; triglycerides, fatty acids,  glycerol, posfolipid (PL), and cholesterol. Fat, derived from cooking oil, meat, margarine, and so on. Main function for body fat is to: Generate the largest calories in the body
humans (1 gram of fat produces approximately 9.3 calories). As solvent vitamins: A, D, E, and K. As a safeguard against body parts specific, and protective body parts on low temperatures.

3. Protein
Proteins can be grouped into; protein complex (polypeptides)
and simple (amino acids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Amino acid is any organic compound which has carboxyl functional group (-COOH) and amine (-NH2 usually).
In biochemistry often narrower sense: both attached to one atom of carbon (C) the same (called atoms C “alpha” or ?). Carboxyl group to give the nature of acid and clusters amine to give the nature of base. In the form of solution, amino acids is amfoterik: tends to be acid in alkaline solution
and a base in acid solution. This behavior occurs because amino acids could be a zwitter-ion. Amino acid compounds are among the most widely
studied for one very important function in organisms, namely as a constituent of protein.

Amino acid structure with amine groups on the left and the carboxyl group in
right. Amino acid structure in general is one C atom which binds four groups: an amine group (NH2), group carboxyl (COOH), hydrogen atoms (H), and one group remaining (R, from the residue) or also called clusters or side chain
distinguishes one amino acid with another amino acid. amino acid functions as:
1.  Constituent proteins, including enzymes.

2. Basic framework for a number of important compounds in
metabolism (especially vitamins, hormones and nucleic acids).

3.  Essential metal ion binding that is required for the
enzymatic reactions (cofactor).

Essential amino acids
Amino acids needed by living things as the author
protein or as a framework is important molecules. Amino acids
is essential for a species if the species of organisms is needed but could not produce their own or always short of the corresponding amino acid. To
meet this demand, it must be memasoknya species from outside
(through food).

The term “essential amino acids” applies only to heterotrof organisms. For humans, there are eight (there are called nine) essential amino acids that must be met from the daily diet, ie isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Histidine and arginine referred to as “half-essential” because the human body healthy adults capable of needs.

If a person’s diet consumption not balanced with the needs of the body, it will happen errors due to nutrition (malnutrition). Malnutrition include
excess nutrients is called nutrient more (over nutrition), and malnutrition
or lack of nutrition (under nutrition).

Chemically, the composition of the human body is composed of: water, gas,
salt, and organic compounds. If viewed from the chemical arranged, then our bodies contain the element carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphate (P).

In the life of everyday people, people can not be separated from
food, because food is one of the essential requirements to live, in addition to air (oxygen). Four main functions food for human life are:

1.  Maintaining the body’s process of growth / development
and replace damaged tissue.

2.  Getting the energy to perform daily activities.

3.  Regulate metabolism and regulate the various balance
water, minerals and other body fluids.

4.  Role in the body’s defense mechanism against
various diseases.

In order for food may be beneficial for the health body, the
the food we eat everyday are not just food.
In a further development of nutrition science from procurement,
selection, processing, up to serving the food.

From these limits, can draw the conclusion that the science of nutrition is
includes two important components of food and health. To achieve optimal health foods is not necessary just food, but foods that contain nutrients element of  nutrition. Nutrients needed to maintain and improve health are grouped into 5 types, namely proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.